The external R package igraph is required for the computation of the normalized mutual information to assess the results of the clustering.

## 
## Attaching package: 'igraph'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     decompose, spectrum
## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     union

We now run SIMLR as an example on an input dataset from Buettner, Florian, et al. “Computational analysis of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data reveals hidden subpopulations of cells.” Nature biotechnology 33.2 (2015): 155-160. For this dataset we have a ground true of 3 cell populations, i.e., clusters.

set.seed(11111)
data(BuettnerFlorian)
example = SIMLR(X = BuettnerFlorian$in_X, c = BuettnerFlorian$n_clust, cores.ratio = 0)
## Computing the multiple Kernels.
## Performing network diffiusion.
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## Warning in SIMLR(X = BuettnerFlorian$in_X, c = BuettnerFlorian$n_clust, : Maybe
## you should set a larger value of c.
## Performing t-SNE.
## Epoch: Iteration # 100  error is:  0.08998739 
## Epoch: Iteration # 200  error is:  0.06089897 
## Epoch: Iteration # 300  error is:  0.06045714 
## Epoch: Iteration # 400  error is:  0.06012935 
## Epoch: Iteration # 500  error is:  0.05987104 
## Epoch: Iteration # 600  error is:  0.05965852 
## Epoch: Iteration # 700  error is:  0.05948183 
## Epoch: Iteration # 800  error is:  0.05933143 
## Epoch: Iteration # 900  error is:  0.05919999 
## Epoch: Iteration # 1000  error is:  0.05908594 
## Performing Kmeans.
## Performing t-SNE.
## Epoch: Iteration # 100  error is:  11.69701 
## Epoch: Iteration # 200  error is:  0.6657623 
## Epoch: Iteration # 300  error is:  0.4418035 
## Epoch: Iteration # 400  error is:  0.5574686 
## Epoch: Iteration # 500  error is:  0.6270695 
## Epoch: Iteration # 600  error is:  0.361243 
## Epoch: Iteration # 700  error is:  0.3024225 
## Epoch: Iteration # 800  error is:  0.2892506 
## Epoch: Iteration # 900  error is:  0.281246 
## Epoch: Iteration # 1000  error is:  0.2676769

We now compute the normalized mutual information between the inferred clusters by SIMLR and the true ones. This measure with values in [0,1], allows us to assess the performance of the clustering with higher values reflecting better performance.

nmi_1 = compare(BuettnerFlorian$true_labs[,1], example$y$cluster, method="nmi")
print(nmi_1)
## [1] 0.888298

As a further understanding of the results, we now visualize the cell populations in a plot.

plot(example$ydata, 
    col = c(topo.colors(BuettnerFlorian$n_clust))[BuettnerFlorian$true_labs[,1]], 
    xlab = "SIMLR component 1",
    ylab = "SIMLR component 2",
    pch = 20,
    main="SIMILR 2D visualization for BuettnerFlorian")
Visualization of the 3 cell populations retrieved by SIMLR on the dataset by Florian, et al.

Visualization of the 3 cell populations retrieved by SIMLR on the dataset by Florian, et al.

We also run SIMLR feature ranking on the same inputs to get a rank of the key genes with the related pvalues.

set.seed(11111)
ranks = SIMLR_Feature_Ranking(A=BuettnerFlorian$results$S,X=BuettnerFlorian$in_X)
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head(ranks$pval)
## [1] 1.086748e-128  1.189327e-90  5.504924e-80  4.652359e-75  5.593957e-73
## [6]  3.373056e-69
head(ranks$aggR)
## [1] 5701 1689 7549   57 2653 8081

Similarly, we show an example for SIMLR large scale on an input dataset being a reduced version of the dataset provided in Buettner, Zeisel, Amit, et al. “Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq.” Science 347.6226 (2015): 1138-1142. For this dataset we have a ground true of 9 cell populations, i.e., clusters. But we should notice that here we use for computational reasons a reduced version of the data, so please refer to the original publication for the full data.

set.seed(11111)
data(ZeiselAmit)
example_large_scale = SIMLR_Large_Scale(X = ZeiselAmit$in_X, c = ZeiselAmit$n_clust, kk = 10)
## Performing fast PCA.
## Performing k-nearest neighbour search.
## Computing the multiple Kernels.
## Performing the iterative procedure  5  times.
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## Performing Kmeans.
## Performing t-SNE.
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We compute the normalized mutual information between the inferred clusters by SIMLR large scale and the true ones.

nmi_2 = compare(ZeiselAmit$true_labs[,1], example_large_scale$y$cluster, method="nmi")
print(nmi_2)
## [1] 0.04158302

As a further understanding of the results, also in this case we visualize the cell populations in a plot.

plot(example_large_scale$ydata, 
    col = c(topo.colors(ZeiselAmit$n_clust))[ZeiselAmit$true_labs[,1]], 
    xlab = "SIMLR component 1",
    ylab = "SIMLR component 2",
    pch = 20,
    main="SIMILR 2D visualization for ZeiselAmit")
Visualization of the 9 cell populations retrieved by SIMLR large scale on the dataset by Zeisel, Amit, et al.

Visualization of the 9 cell populations retrieved by SIMLR large scale on the dataset by Zeisel, Amit, et al.

Now, as a final example, we also provide the results of two heuristics (see the original SIMLR paper) to estimate the number of clusters from data.

set.seed(53900)
NUMC = 2:5
res_example = SIMLR_Estimate_Number_of_Clusters(BuettnerFlorian$in_X,
    NUMC = NUMC,
    cores.ratio = 0)

Best number of clusters, K1 heuristic:

NUMC[which.min(res_example$K1)]
## [1] 2

K2 heuristic:

NUMC[which.min(res_example$K2)]
## [1] 2

Results of the two heuristics:

res_example
## $K1
## [1] -63.04223 -19.49278 -23.77182  13.30109
## 
## $K2
## [1] -94.56335 -25.99037 -29.71477  15.96130